The judement of mood disorder are heavily influenced by factors:
- social norms. Whether you get labeled as having a mental disorder or a problem depends very heavily on what your social or cultural norms are.
- characteristics of targets: gender roles, gender stereotypes
- context:the context in which you exhibit a particular behavior
- distress: behaviors that cause the individual or others significant distress. (Depression-cause himself; antisocial personality disorder-cause others distress)
- dysfunction: a set of behaviors prevents the person from functioning in daily life
- deviance:the behaviors or feelings are highly unusual. (heavily influenced by the social norms.)
- unipolar depression disorders: depression only
- bipolar disorders: the person cycles back and forth between debilitating depressions and manic episode.
- sadness
- anhedonia:a diminished interest or pleasure in their usual activities
- show significant weight or appetite change
- sleep disturbances--insomnia or hypersomnia,
- psychomotor retardation or agitation
- feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
- diminished ability to concentrate or indecisiveness
- suicidal ideation or behavior
- inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
- Decreased need for sleep
- pressure to talk
- Flight of ideas, racing thoughts
- Distractibility
- increase in "goal-directed activity."
- get involved in all kinds of "pleasurable but dangerous activities"
- genetics are involved in the mood disorders, especially bipolar disorder.
- a number of neurotransmitters been linked to both of the mood disorders, both bipolar disorder and depression. the receptors for neurotransmitters like serotonin don't function efficiently.
- brain areas that seem to be involved in the mood disorders
- The prefrontal cortex: involved in higher order complex thinking and problem solving and in goal-directed behavior. lowered activity in the prefrontal cortex may play a role in the difficulties in concentration, in goal-directed behavior, in planning and problem solving and in regulating emotion.
- The amygdala: involved in the processing of emotional information. overactive amygdala responses to emotional information play role in depression.
- The hippocampus: involved in memory and in concentration. shrinkage in the hippocampus may be related to problems in concentration and attention.
- the anterior cingulate (前扣带）: involved in a lot of different activities, such as stress and the choice of behaviors. dysregulation of the anterior cingulate may be involved in the person's difficulty in responding appropriately to stress, in choosing good coping behaviors and changing their behaviors whenever their behaviors aren't working well.
Aaron Beck's "negative cognitive triad" theory: People who are depressed have a negative view of the self, of the future and of the world.
distortions in thinking:
- "All-or-nothing thinking": is thinking that things are either all good or all bad.
- "emotional reasoning" : an example of that is just if I feel like a loser I must be a loser. Of if I feel stupid, I must be stupid.
- "personalization": self-blame
- Identify themes in negative thoughts and triggers.
- challenges the truth value of these
- change aspects of the environment that are related to depressive symptoms.
IPT(Interpersonal therapy): less structured, more focused on the past, explore patterns of relationships and roots in childhood, look for four types of interpersonal problems:
- Grief or loss
- Interpersonal role disputes
- Role transitions
- Interpersonal skills deficits
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