Justice 听后记(2)

从第三讲开始，Sandel教授离开了功利主义，转向了自由主义这一流派。

第三讲，Freedom to Choose

与功利主义忽视个人权利截然相反，自由主义声称个人的权利是不可侵犯的，人拥有他自己。他们反对政府的家长式作风，反对道德立法，反对财富再分配，认为财富再分配等同于劳力剥削和奴隶制。这其中的代表人物是Robert Nozick。

Watch it on Academic Earth

第四讲，Natural Rights

这一讲，Sandel从Nozick的观点自然过渡到John Locker的。Locker不是纯粹的自由主义者，他既是自由主义某些观点的支持者，又是反对者。他的两大主张是：

Private property

• The state of nature is a condition we decide to live
• The natural right to life, liberty and property is inalienable rights, we can't give up or take away from anyone else.
• The goverment is limited by the obligation on the part of majority to respect and enforce the inalienable rights, and based on consent.

Consent:

• It is the collective consent in society.
• We are giving our "implied consent" once we decided to live in society
• As long as the rule of law is not arbitrary to take of life, liberty or property-- then it isn't a violation of the fundamental rights of individuals.
• If the majority decides a generally applicable law and if it votes duly according to fair procedures, then there is no violation.

Watch it on Academic Earth

第五讲：Army system & Surrogacy

这一讲，Sandel触及了consent的限度。围绕美国内战的征兵系统和伊拉克战争的自愿参军方式，Sandel带领学生展开了激烈的争论，并比较了三种军队征兵方式的公正程度：

• Increase pay and benefits to attract more soliders
• Military conscription
• Hire mercenaries

紧接着，针对新泽西州1988年"Baby M"的官司，Sandel要求大家投票表决是否应该强迫这个代理母亲遵守合同，放弃孩子的抚养权。他要求大家为各自的观点辩护并陈述理由，经过激烈讨论，他最后总结，公平有时并不仅仅有双方自愿的承诺和协议即可确保，因为：

• 交易双方，有可能因为地位、经济条件的不对等和环境压力而导致隐性的强迫和不公平的存在；(bargaing power)
• 交易双方，有可能因为信息不对称、不完整，并不完全意识到协议后果而导致事先的许可失去完全的公平性。(equally information)

更进一步，Sandel说明，有些东西是不可以被交易的，因为一旦以金钱来衡量，会去人性化，会被低估本身的价值，譬如尊重、爱、感激、荣誉等等。

To summarize, something can not be bought by money. Merely because conduct purchased by money are "voluntary" and consented do not mean that it is good or beyond regulation and prohibition.

Watch it on Academic Earth